IMT – 58: MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

PART – A

Q1. What do you understand by cost ascertainment? How is it different from cost estimation? Why are both important to a manufacturing firm?

Q2. The following particulars relating to the year 1999 have been taken from the books of a chemical works manufacturing and selling a chemical mixture:

Stock on 1 January, 1999                     Kg.                                 Rs.

Raw Material                               2,000                            2,000

Finished Mixture                          500                               1,750

Factory Stores                                                                7,250

Purchases

Raw Material                               1,60,000                    1,80,000

Factory Stores                                                               24,250

Sales

Finished Mixture                          1,53,050                    9,18,000

Factory Scrap                                                                  8,170

Factory Wages                                                                    1,78,650

Power                                                                                    30,400

Depreciation of Machinery                                                        18,000

Salaries :

Factory                                                                          72,220

Office                                                                                    37,220

Selling                                                                           41,500

Expenses :

Direct                                                                                    18,500

Office                                                                                    18,200

Selling                                                                           18,000

Stock on 31 December, 1999

Raw Material                               1,200

Finished Mixture                          450

Factory Stores                                                                  5,550

The stock of finished mixture at the end of 1994 is to be valued at the factory cost of the mixture for that year. The purchase price of raw materials remained unchanged throughout 1999.

Prepare a statement giving the maximum possible information about cost and its break-up for the year 1999.

3. Following is the information about the production and amount of overhead expenses of a seasonal factory;

Calculate the overhead rates on the basis of (i) direct labour hours, and (ii) direct labour wages. State which of the two bases you reconsider equitable.

Find out the cost of the Job No. 101 applying the rates worked out above. The direct costs of the job are:

                                                       Rs.

Direct materials                           40

Direct labour hours                      20

Direct labour wages                     20

Q4. Discuss the concept of departmentalization of factory overheads.

Q5. The following details are extracted from the costing records of an oil mill for the year ended 31st March 1994.

Purchase of 500 tonnes Copra                                    Rs. 2,00,000

Crushing      Refining       Finishing

Rs.               Rs.               Rs.

Cost of Labour                                    2,500          1,000          1,500

Electric Power                                     600             360             240

Sundry Materials                                100             2,000          —

Steam                                                600             450             450

Repairs of Machinery                          280             330             140

Factory Expenses                               1,320          660             220

Cost of Casks                                                                           7,500

300 tonnes of Crude oil were produced.

250 tonnes of Oil were produced by the refining process.

248 tonnes of Refined Oil were finished for delivery.

Copra sacks sold for Rs. 400.

175 tonnes of Copra residue were sold for Rs. 11,000.

Loss in weight in crushing 25 tonnes, 45 tonnes of by-products obtained from refining process Rs. 6,750.

You are required to show the accounts in respect of each of the following stages of manufacture for the purpose of arriving at the cost per tonne of each process and the total cost per tonne of the finished Oil:

(a)        Copra crushing process

(b)        Refining process

(c)         Finishing process including casking

 PART – B

Q1. Explain process costing and enumerate its principles.

Q2. (a) Neodrug manufactures and processes a product, a plant food, through three distinct processes, the product of one process being passed on to the next process, and so on till the finished product.

Raw materials, labour and direct expenses incurred on each of the processes are as follows:

Particulars                  Process A           Process B           Process C

Rs                     Rs                     Rs

Raw Materials             1,000                800                   200

Labour                       500                   600                   700

Direct Expenses          150                   250                   500

The overhead expenses for the period amounted to Rs 3,600 and is to be distributed to the processes on the basis of labour wages.

There were no stocks in any of the processes at the beginning or at the close of the period. Ignore wastages.

Assuming that the output was 1000 kilos, show the process accounts A, B, and C indicating also

the unit cost per kilo under each element of cost and the output in each process.

(b) If 10% of the output is estimated to be lost in the course of sale and sampling, what should be the selling price per unit (correct to two decimal places) so as to provide for gross profit of 331/3% on selling price.

Q3. What do you understand by absorption costing and marginal costing? Point out the differences between the two.

Q4. An analysis of Sultan Manufacturing Co. Ltd. led to the following information:

Cost element                      Variable cost               Fixed costs

(% of sales)                        Rs

Direct Material                                    32.8

Direct Labour -                                    28.4

Factory Overheads                              12.6                  1,89,900

Distribution Overheads                         4.1                    58,400

General Administration Overheads          1.1                    66,700

Budgeted sales are Rs 18,50,000. You are required to determine: 

(i)                  The break-even sales volume.

(ii)                 The profit at the budgeted sales volume

(iii)                The profit if actual sales:

(a)        drop by 10%

(b)         increase by 5% from budgeted sale 

Q5. Explain the concept of decision making in the context of management accounting. What are the steps involved in decision making.

PART – C

(a) A company is manufacturing three products, details of which for the year are given below:

Product                         Price          Variable              Per cent

cost                     of total

Rs                        Rs               Sales value

A                              20                     10                     40

B                              25                     15                     35

C                              20                     12                     25

Total Fixed Costs per Year    Rs 1,10,000

Total Sales                         Rs 5,00,000

You are required to work out the break-even point in rupee sales for each product assuming that the sales mix is to be retained.

(b) The management has approved a proposal to substitute product C by product D in the coming year. The latter product has a selling price of Rs 25 with a variable cost of Rs 12.50 per unit. The new sales mix of A , B and D is expected to be 50: 30 : 20. Next year fixed costs are expected to increase by Rs 31,000. Total sales are expected to remain at Rs 5,00,000. You are required to work out the new break-even point in rupees sales and units for each product. 

(c) What is your comment on the decision of the management regarding changing product mix?

Q2. Briefly examine the concept of responsibility accounting.

Q3. For production of 10,000 electrical automatic irons, the following are the budgeted expenses:

Per unit

Direct Materials                                                                       Rs 60

Direct Labour                                                                              30

Variable Overheads                                                                     25

Fixed Overheads (Rs 1,50,000)                                                      15

Variable Expenses (Direct)                                                            5

Selling Expenses (10% fixed)                                                        15

Administration Expenses (Rs 50,000 rigid for all levels of production)   5

Distribution Expenses (20% fixed)                                                  5

Total Cost of Sale per Unit                                                            160

Prepare a budget for production of 6,000, 7,000 and 8,000 irons showing distinctly the marginal cost and total costs.

Q4. 'Calculation of variances in standard costing is not an end in itself, but a means to an end.' Explain.

Q5. In department A the following data is submitted for the week ended 31 October: 

Standard Output for 40 hours per Week          1,400 units

Standard Fixed Overhead                             Rs 1,400

Actual Output                                              1,200 units

Actual Hours Worked                                   32 hours

Actual Fixed Overhead                                 Rs 1,500

Prepare a statement of variances.

CASE STUDY – 1

The expenses budgeted for production of 10,000 units in a factory are furnished below:

Per Unit Rs

Materials                                                                    70

Labour                                                                       25

Variable Factory Overheads                                          20

Fixed Factory Overheads (Rs.1,00,000)                           10

Variable Expenses (Direct)                                            5

Selling Expenses (10% fixed)                                        13

Distribution Expenses (20% fixed)                                  7

Administrative Expenses (Fixed - Rs 50,000)                    5

Total cost of sales per unit                                            155

Prepare a budget for the production of 6000 units and 8000 units.

CASE STUDY – 2

A company is presently working at 90 per cent capacity and producing 13,500 units per annum. It operates a flexible budgetary control system. The following figures are obtained from its budget:

90 per cent        100 per cent

Sales                                         Rs 15,00,000      Rs 16,00,000

Fixed Expenses                           Rs 3,00,500          Rs 3,00,500

Semi-fixed Expenses                    Rs 97,500             Rs 1,00,500

Variable Expenses                       Rs 1,45,000          Rs 1,49,500

Units Made                                 Rs 13,500                Rs 15,000

Labour and material cost per unit are constant under present conditions. Profit margin is 10 per cent.

(i)      Determine the differential cost of producing 1500 units by increasing capacity to 100 per cent.

(ii)  What would you recommend for an export price of these 1500 units taking into consideration that overseas prices are much lower than indigenous prices?